A Textbook of Internal Combustion Engines by R. k. Rajput

PDF Free Download | A Textbook of Internal Combustion Engines (Including Air Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion) by R. k. Rajput

Contents of Internal Combustion Engines eBook

• BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS
• Definition of Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamic Systems
• System, boundary and surroundings
• Closed system
• Open system
• Isolated system
• Adiabatic system
• Homogeneous system
• Heterogeneous system
• Pure Substance
• Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• Properties of Systems
• State
• Process
• Cycle
• Point Function
• Path Function
• Temperature
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Pressure
• Definition of pressure
• Unit of pressure
• Types of pressure measurement devices
• Reversible and Irreversible Processes
• Energy, Work and Heat
• Energy
• Work and heat
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• The Perfect Gas
• The characteristic equation of state
• Specific heats
• Joule’s law
• Relationship between two specific heats
• Enthalpy
• Ratio of specific heats
• Steady Flow Energy Equation
• Energy relations for flow process
• Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics
• Performance of Heat Engine and Reversed Heat Engine
• Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Clausius statement
• Kelvin-Planck statement
• Entropy
• Introduction
• Temperature-entropy diagram
• Characteristics of entropy
• The Third Law of Thermodynamics
• Available and Unavailable Energy
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• INTRODUCTION TO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• Heat Engines
• Development of I C Engines
• Classification of I C Engines
• Application of I C Engines
• Engine Cycle-Energy Balance
• Basic Idea of I C Engines
• Different Parts of I C Engines
• Terms Connected with I C Engines
• Working Cycles
• Indicator Diagram
• Four Stroke Cycle Engines
• Two Stroke Cycle Engines
• Intake for Compression Ignition Engines
• Comparison of Four Stroke and Two Stroke Cycle Engines
• Comparison of Spark Ignition (S I ) and Compression Ignition (C I )
• Engines
• Comparison between a Petrol Engine and a Diesel Engine
• How to Tell a Two Stroke Cycle Engine from a Four Stroke
• Cycle Engine ?
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• AIR STANDARD CYCLES
• Definition of a Cycle
• Air Standard Efficiency
• The Carnot Cycle
• Constant Volume or Otto Cycle
• Constant Pressure or Diesel Cycle
• Dual Combustion Cycle
• Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Combustion Cycles
• Efficiency versus compression ratio
• For the same compression ratio and the same heat input
• For constant maximum pressure and heat supplied
• Atkinson Cycle
• Ericsson Cycle
• Brayton Cycle
• Stirling Cycle
• Miller Cycle
• Lenoir Cycle
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples
• FUEL-AIR AND ACTUAL CYCLES
• Fuel-air Cycles
• Introduction
• Factors considered for fuel-air cycle calculations
• Assumptions made for fuel-air cycle analysis
• Importance of fuel-air cycle
• Variable specific heats
• Effect of variation of specific heats
• Dissociation
• Thermal efficiency and fuel consumption
• Effect of common engine variables
• Characteristics of constant volume fuel-air cycle
• Combustion charts
• Gas tables
• Actual Cycles
• Introduction
• Causes of deviation of actual cycles from fuel-air cycles
• Real fuel-air engine cycles
• Difference between real cycle and fuel-air cycle
• Comparison of operations and working media for ‘air cycle’,
• fuel-air cycle’ and ‘actual cycle’ of S I engines
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples
• COMBUSTION IN S I ENGINES
• Introduction
• Definition of combustion
• Ignition limits
• Combustion Phenomenon
• Normal combustion
• Abnormal combustion
• Effect of Engine Variables on Ignition Lag
• Spark Advance and Factors Affecting Ignition Timing
• Pre-ignition
• Detonation
• Introduction
• Process of detonation or knocking
• Theories of detonation
• Effects of detonation
• Factors affecting detonation/knocks
• Performance Number (PN)
• Highest Useful Compression Ratio (HUCR)
• Combustion Chamber Design—S I Engines
• Induction swirl
• Squish and tumble
• Quench area
• Turbulence
• Flame propagation
• Swirl ratio
• Surface-to-volume ratio
• Stroke-to-bore ratio
• Compression ratio (C R )
• Some Types of Combustion Chambers
• Divided combustion chambers
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• COMBUSTION IN C I ENGINES
• Introduction
• Combustion Phenomenon in C I Engines
• Fundamentals of the Combustion Process in Diesel Engines
• Delay Period (or Ignition Lag) in C I Engines
• Diesel Knock
• C I Engine Combustion Chambers
• Primary considerations in the design of combustion
• chambers for C I engines
• Basic methods of generating air swirl in C I engines
• combustion chambers
• Types of combustion chambers
• Cold Starting of C I Engines
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• AIR CAPACITY OF FOUR STROKE ENGINES
• Introduction
• Ideal Air Capacity
• Volumetric Efficiency
• Effect of Various Factors on Volumetric Efficiency
• Inlet Valve Mach Index
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples
• TWO STROKE ENGINES
• General Aspects
• Construction and working
• Comparison between two-stroke cycle and four-stroke
• cycle engines
• Disadvantages of two-stroke S I engine compared to
• two-stroke C I engine
• Reasons for use of two-stroke C I engines for marine
• propulsion
• Reasons for the use of two-stroke S I engines for low horse
• power two wheelers
• Intake for Two stroke Cycle Engines
• Scavenging Process
• Scavenging Parameters
• Scavenging Systems
• Crankcase Scavenging
• Scavenging Pumps and Blowers
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FUELS
• Chemical Thermodynamics
• General aspects
• Basic chemistry
• Fuels
• Combustion equations
• Theoretical air and excess air
• Stoichiometric air-fuel (A/F) ratio
• Air-fuel ratio from analysis of products
• Analysis of exhaust and flue gas
• Internal energy and enthalpy of reaction
• Heating values of fuels
• Adiabatic flame temperature
• Chemical equilibrium
• Actual combustion analysis
• Conventional Fuels (For I C Engines)
• Introduction
• Desirable properties of good I C engines fuels
• Gaseous fuels
• Liquid fuels
• Structure of petroleum
• Petroleum and composition of crude oil
• Fuels for spark-ignition engines
• Knock rating of S I engines fuels
• Miscellaneous properties of S I engine fuels
• Diesel fuel
• Alternative Fuels for I C Engines
• General aspects
• Advantages and disadvantages of using alternative fuels
• Alcohol
• Alcohol-gasoline fuel blends
• Hydrogen
• Natural gas (methane)
• LPG and LNG
• Biogas
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples
• FUEL/AIR MIXTURE REQUIREMENTS
• Introduction
• Fuel/Air Mixture Requirements for Steady Running
• Optimum Fuel/Air Ratios
• Idling and Low Load
• Normal Power Range or Cruise Range
• Maximum Power Range
• Transient Mixture Requirements
• Starting and warming up mixture requirements
• Mixture requirements for acceleration
• Effects of Operating Variables on Mixture Requirements
• Mixture Requirements for Diesel Engines
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• CARBURETION AND CARBURETTORS –
• Introduction
• Induction System
• Factors Influencing Carburetion
• Mixture Requirements
• Distribution
• Transient Mixture Requirements
• A Simple or Elementary Carburettor
• Complete Carburettor
• Carburettors
• Essential features of good commercial carburettor for
• automotive engines
• Types of carburettors
• Description of some important makes of carburettors
• Petrol Injection
• Drawbacks of modern carburettors
• Introduction to fuel injection
• Direct injection
• Indirect injection
• Injection considerations
• Comparison of petrol injection and carburetted fuel
• supply systems
• Electronic fuel injection
• Theory of Simple Carburettor
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples
• FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS FOR C I ENGINES
• Introduction
• Functional Requirements of an Injection System
• Functions of a Fuel Injection System
• Fuel Injection Systems
• Air injection
• Solid or airless injection
• Fuel Pump and Fuel Injector (Atomiser)
• Fuel pump
• Fuel atomiser or injector
• Faults, causes and remedies of injectors
• Types of Nozzles and Fuel Spray Patterns
• Main requirements of an injector nozzle
• Classification and description of nozzles
• Engine Starting Systems
• Fuel Injection Computation in C I Engines
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples
• IGNITION SYSTEMS (S I ENGINES)
• Introduction
• Requirements of an Ignition System
• Basic Ignition Systems
• Battery (or Coil) Ignition System
• Magneto Ignition System
• Firing Order
• Ignition Timing
• Spark Plugs
• Limitations of Conventional Ignition
• Electronic Ignition Systems
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• ENGINE FRICTION AND LUBRICATION
• Introduction
• Total Engine Friction
• Effect of Engine Parameters on Engine Friction
• Determination of Engine Friction
• Lubrication
• Definition and objects
• Behaviour of a journal in its bearing
• Properties of lubricants
• Types of lubricants
• Lubrication Systems
• Introduction
• Wet sump lubrication system
• Dry sump lubrication system
• Mist lubrication system
• Lubrication of different engine parts
• Lubrication of ball and roller bearings
• Oil filters
• Crankcase Ventilation
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• ENGINE COOLING
• Necessity of Engine Cooling
• Areas of Heat Flow in Engines
• Gas Temperature Variation
• Heat Transfer, Temperature Distribution and Temperature Profiles
• Heat transfer
• Temperature distribution
• Temperature profiles
• Effects of Operating Variables on Engine Heat Transfer
• Cooling Air and Water Requirements
• Cooling Systems
• Air-cooling system
• Water/liquid cooling system
• Components of Water Cooling System
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• SUPERCHARGING OF I C ENGINES
• Purpose of Supercharging
• Supercharging of S I Engines
• Naturally aspirated cycle of operation
• Supercharged cycle of operation
• Comparison of actual naturally aspirated and supercharged
• engine pressure-volume diagrams
• Boost pressure and pressure ratio
• The effect of pressure ratio on air charge temperature
• Thermodynamic cycle and supercharging power
• Supercharging limits of S I engines
• Supercharging of C I Engines
• Supercharging limits of C I engines
• Modification of an Engine for Supercharging
• Superchargers
• Supercharging Arrangements
• Turbochargers
• Introduction
• Altitude compensation
• Turbocharging – Buchi system
• Methods of turbocharging
• Limitations of turbocharging
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples
• TESTING AND PERFORMANCE OF I C ENGINES
• Introduction
• Performance Parameters
• Basic Measurements
• Engine Performance Curves
• Comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engines – Fuel Consumption
• Load Outputs and Exhaust Composition
• Governing of I C Engine
• Noise Abatement
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples
• AIR POLLUTION FROM I C ENGINES AND ITS CONTROL
• Introduction
• Pollutants
• Pollution derived from combustion products
• Mixture strength and combustion product characteristics
• Spark Ignition (S I ) Engine Emissions
• Crankcase emission
• Evaporative emission
• Exhaust emission
• S I Engine Emission Control
• Modification in the engine design and operating parameters
• Exhaust gas oxidation
• Exhaust emission control by fuel variation
• Blow-by control
• Evaporation emission control device (EECD)
• Control of oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
• Total emission control packages
• Diesel Engine Emissions
• Diesel Smoke and Control
• Exhaust smoke
• Causes of smoke
• Measurement of smoke
• Control of smoke
• Diesel odour and control
• Comparison of Gasoline and Diesel Emissions
• Zero Emission
• Air Pollution from Gas Turbines and its Control
• Effects of Engine Emissions on Human Health
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• MISCELLANEOUS ENGINES
• Duel-fuel and Multi-fuel Engines
• Duel-fuel engines
• Multi-fuel engines
• Stratified Charge Engine
• Introduction
• Classification
• Advantages and disadvantages of stratified charge engines
• Stirling Engine
• Stirling cycle
• Working principle of stirling engine
• Differences between carnot and stirling engines
• Engine geometry and driving mechanism
• The Wankel Rotary Combustion (RC) Engine
• Introduction
• Construction and working
• Features
• Constructional and other details of Wankel engine
• Performance of Wankel engine
• Advantages and applications of rotary combustion engines
• Why Wankel rotary engine could not become successful ?
• Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Engines
• Introduction
• Methods to obtain variable compression ratio
• Analysis of VCR engine
• Performance of VCR engine
• Free-Piston Engine Plant
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• AIR COMPRESSORS
• General Aspects
• Classification of Air Compressors
• Reciprocating Compressors
• Construction and working of a reciprocating compressor (single-stage)
• Single-stage compressor : equation for work
• (neglecting clearance)
• Equation for work (with clearance volume)
• Volumetric efficiency
• Actual p-V (indicator) diagram for single-stage compressor
• Multi-stage compression
• Efficiency of compressor
• How to increase isothermal efficiency ?
• Clearance in compressors
• Effect of clearance volume
• Free air delivered (F A D ) and displacement
• Compressor performance
• Effect of atmospheric conditions on the output of a compressor
• Control of compressors
• Arrangement of reciprocating compressors
• Intercooler
• Compressed air motors
• Reciprocating air motor
• Rotary type air motor
• Rotary Compressors
• Classification
• Displacement compressors
• Steady-flow compressors
• Comparison between Reciprocating and Centrifugal Compressors
• Comparison between Reciprocating and Rotary Air Compressors
• Comparison betweeen Centrifugal and Axial Flow Compressors
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples
• GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION
• Gas Turbines—General Aspects
• Classification of Gas Turbines
• Merits of Gas Turbines
• Constant Pressure Combustion Turbines
• Open cycle gas turbines
• Methods for improvement of thermal efficiency of open cycle
• gas turbine plant
• Effect of operating variables on thermal efficiency
• Closed cycle gas turbine (constant pressure or joule cycle)
• Merits and demerits of closed cycle gas turbine over open
• cycle gas turbine
• Constant Volume Combustion Turbines
• Uses of Gas Turbines
• Gas Turbine Fuels
• Jet Propulsion
• Turbo-jet
• Turbo-prop
• Ram-jet
• Pulse-jet engine
• Rocket engines
• Highlights
• Objective Type Questions
• Theoretical Questions
• Unsolved Examples