PDF Free Download | A Textbook of Internal Combustion Engines (Including Air Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion) by R. k. Rajput
Contents of Internal Combustion Engines eBook
- BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS
- Definition of Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic Systems
- System, boundary and surroundings
- Closed system
- Open system
- Isolated system
- Adiabatic system
- Homogeneous system
- Heterogeneous system
- Pure Substance
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Properties of Systems
- State
- Process
- Cycle
- Point Function
- Path Function
- Temperature
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Pressure
- Definition of pressure
- Unit of pressure
- Types of pressure measurement devices
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Energy, Work and Heat
- Energy
- Work and heat
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- The Perfect Gas
- The characteristic equation of state
- Specific heats
- Joule’s law
- Relationship between two specific heats
- Enthalpy
- Ratio of specific heats
- Steady Flow Energy Equation
- Energy relations for flow process
- Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics
- Performance of Heat Engine and Reversed Heat Engine
- Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Clausius statement
- Kelvin-Planck statement
- Entropy
- Introduction
- Temperature-entropy diagram
- Characteristics of entropy
- The Third Law of Thermodynamics
- Available and Unavailable Energy
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- INTRODUCTION TO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- Heat Engines
- Development of I C Engines
- Classification of I C Engines
- Application of I C Engines
- Engine Cycle-Energy Balance
- Basic Idea of I C Engines
- Different Parts of I C Engines
- Terms Connected with I C Engines
- Working Cycles
- Indicator Diagram
- Four Stroke Cycle Engines
- Two Stroke Cycle Engines
- Intake for Compression Ignition Engines
- Comparison of Four Stroke and Two Stroke Cycle Engines
- Comparison of Spark Ignition (S I ) and Compression Ignition (C I )
- Engines
- Comparison between a Petrol Engine and a Diesel Engine
- How to Tell a Two Stroke Cycle Engine from a Four Stroke
- Cycle Engine ?
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- AIR STANDARD CYCLES
- Definition of a Cycle
- Air Standard Efficiency
- The Carnot Cycle
- Constant Volume or Otto Cycle
- Constant Pressure or Diesel Cycle
- Dual Combustion Cycle
- Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Combustion Cycles
- Efficiency versus compression ratio
- For the same compression ratio and the same heat input
- For constant maximum pressure and heat supplied
- Atkinson Cycle
- Ericsson Cycle
- Brayton Cycle
- Stirling Cycle
- Miller Cycle
- Lenoir Cycle
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples
- FUEL-AIR AND ACTUAL CYCLES
- Fuel-air Cycles
- Introduction
- Factors considered for fuel-air cycle calculations
- Assumptions made for fuel-air cycle analysis
- Importance of fuel-air cycle
- Variable specific heats
- Effect of variation of specific heats
- Dissociation
- Thermal efficiency and fuel consumption
- Effect of common engine variables
- Characteristics of constant volume fuel-air cycle
- Combustion charts
- Gas tables
- Actual Cycles
- Introduction
- Causes of deviation of actual cycles from fuel-air cycles
- Real fuel-air engine cycles
- Difference between real cycle and fuel-air cycle
- Comparison of operations and working media for ‘air cycle’,
- fuel-air cycle’ and ‘actual cycle’ of S I engines
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples
- COMBUSTION IN S I ENGINES
- Introduction
- Definition of combustion
- Ignition limits
- Combustion Phenomenon
- Normal combustion
- Abnormal combustion
- Effect of Engine Variables on Ignition Lag
- Spark Advance and Factors Affecting Ignition Timing
- Pre-ignition
- Detonation
- Introduction
- Process of detonation or knocking
- Theories of detonation
- Effects of detonation
- Factors affecting detonation/knocks
- Performance Number (PN)
- Highest Useful Compression Ratio (HUCR)
- Combustion Chamber Design—S I Engines
- Induction swirl
- Squish and tumble
- Quench area
- Turbulence
- Flame propagation
- Swirl ratio
- Surface-to-volume ratio
- Stroke-to-bore ratio
- Compression ratio (C R )
- Some Types of Combustion Chambers
- Divided combustion chambers
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- COMBUSTION IN C I ENGINES
- Introduction
- Combustion Phenomenon in C I Engines
- Fundamentals of the Combustion Process in Diesel Engines
- Delay Period (or Ignition Lag) in C I Engines
- Diesel Knock
- C I Engine Combustion Chambers
- Primary considerations in the design of combustion
- chambers for C I engines
- Basic methods of generating air swirl in C I engines
- combustion chambers
- Types of combustion chambers
- Cold Starting of C I Engines
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- AIR CAPACITY OF FOUR STROKE ENGINES
- Introduction
- Ideal Air Capacity
- Volumetric Efficiency
- Effect of Various Factors on Volumetric Efficiency
- Inlet Valve Mach Index
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples
- TWO STROKE ENGINES
- General Aspects
- Construction and working
- Comparison between two-stroke cycle and four-stroke
- cycle engines
- Disadvantages of two-stroke S I engine compared to
- two-stroke C I engine
- Reasons for use of two-stroke C I engines for marine
- propulsion
- Reasons for the use of two-stroke S I engines for low horse
- power two wheelers
- Intake for Two stroke Cycle Engines
- Scavenging Process
- Scavenging Parameters
- Scavenging Systems
- Crankcase Scavenging
- Scavenging Pumps and Blowers
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS AND FUELS
- Chemical Thermodynamics
- General aspects
- Basic chemistry
- Fuels
- Combustion equations
- Theoretical air and excess air
- Stoichiometric air-fuel (A/F) ratio
- Air-fuel ratio from analysis of products
- Analysis of exhaust and flue gas
- Internal energy and enthalpy of reaction
- Heating values of fuels
- Adiabatic flame temperature
- Chemical equilibrium
- Actual combustion analysis
- Conventional Fuels (For I C Engines)
- Introduction
- Desirable properties of good I C engines fuels
- Gaseous fuels
- Liquid fuels
- Structure of petroleum
- Petroleum and composition of crude oil
- Fuels for spark-ignition engines
- Knock rating of S I engines fuels
- Miscellaneous properties of S I engine fuels
- Diesel fuel
- Alternative Fuels for I C Engines
- General aspects
- Advantages and disadvantages of using alternative fuels
- Alcohol
- Alcohol-gasoline fuel blends
- Hydrogen
- Natural gas (methane)
- LPG and LNG
- Biogas
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples
- FUEL/AIR MIXTURE REQUIREMENTS
- Introduction
- Fuel/Air Mixture Requirements for Steady Running
- Optimum Fuel/Air Ratios
- Idling and Low Load
- Normal Power Range or Cruise Range
- Maximum Power Range
- Transient Mixture Requirements
- Starting and warming up mixture requirements
- Mixture requirements for acceleration
- Effects of Operating Variables on Mixture Requirements
- Mixture Requirements for Diesel Engines
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- CARBURETION AND CARBURETTORS –
- Introduction
- Induction System
- Factors Influencing Carburetion
- Mixture Requirements
- Distribution
- Transient Mixture Requirements
- A Simple or Elementary Carburettor
- Complete Carburettor
- Carburettors
- Essential features of good commercial carburettor for
- automotive engines
- Types of carburettors
- Description of some important makes of carburettors
- Petrol Injection
- Drawbacks of modern carburettors
- Introduction to fuel injection
- Direct injection
- Indirect injection
- Injection considerations
- Comparison of petrol injection and carburetted fuel
- supply systems
- Electronic fuel injection
- Theory of Simple Carburettor
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples
- FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS FOR C I ENGINES
- Introduction
- Functional Requirements of an Injection System
- Functions of a Fuel Injection System
- Fuel Injection Systems
- Air injection
- Solid or airless injection
- Fuel Pump and Fuel Injector (Atomiser)
- Fuel pump
- Fuel atomiser or injector
- Faults, causes and remedies of injectors
- Types of Nozzles and Fuel Spray Patterns
- Main requirements of an injector nozzle
- Classification and description of nozzles
- Engine Starting Systems
- Fuel Injection Computation in C I Engines
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples
- IGNITION SYSTEMS (S I ENGINES)
- Introduction
- Requirements of an Ignition System
- Basic Ignition Systems
- Battery (or Coil) Ignition System
- Magneto Ignition System
- Firing Order
- Ignition Timing
- Spark Plugs
- Limitations of Conventional Ignition
- Electronic Ignition Systems
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- ENGINE FRICTION AND LUBRICATION
- Introduction
- Total Engine Friction
- Effect of Engine Parameters on Engine Friction
- Determination of Engine Friction
- Lubrication
- Definition and objects
- Behaviour of a journal in its bearing
- Properties of lubricants
- Types of lubricants
- Lubrication Systems
- Introduction
- Wet sump lubrication system
- Dry sump lubrication system
- Mist lubrication system
- Lubrication of different engine parts
- Lubrication of ball and roller bearings
- Oil filters
- Crankcase Ventilation
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- ENGINE COOLING
- Necessity of Engine Cooling
- Areas of Heat Flow in Engines
- Gas Temperature Variation
- Heat Transfer, Temperature Distribution and Temperature Profiles
- Heat transfer
- Temperature distribution
- Temperature profiles
- Effects of Operating Variables on Engine Heat Transfer
- Cooling Air and Water Requirements
- Cooling Systems
- Air-cooling system
- Water/liquid cooling system
- Components of Water Cooling System
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- SUPERCHARGING OF I C ENGINES
- Purpose of Supercharging
- Supercharging of S I Engines
- Naturally aspirated cycle of operation
- Supercharged cycle of operation
- Comparison of actual naturally aspirated and supercharged
- engine pressure-volume diagrams
- Boost pressure and pressure ratio
- The effect of pressure ratio on air charge temperature
- Thermodynamic cycle and supercharging power
- Supercharging limits of S I engines
- Supercharging of C I Engines
- Supercharging limits of C I engines
- Modification of an Engine for Supercharging
- Superchargers
- Supercharging Arrangements
- Turbochargers
- Introduction
- Altitude compensation
- Turbocharging – Buchi system
- Methods of turbocharging
- Limitations of turbocharging
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples
- TESTING AND PERFORMANCE OF I C ENGINES
- Introduction
- Performance Parameters
- Basic Measurements
- Engine Performance Curves
- Comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engines – Fuel Consumption
- Load Outputs and Exhaust Composition
- Governing of I C Engine
- Noise Abatement
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples
- AIR POLLUTION FROM I C ENGINES AND ITS CONTROL
- Introduction
- Pollutants
- Pollution derived from combustion products
- Mixture strength and combustion product characteristics
- Spark Ignition (S I ) Engine Emissions
- Crankcase emission
- Evaporative emission
- Exhaust emission
- S I Engine Emission Control
- Modification in the engine design and operating parameters
- Exhaust gas oxidation
- Exhaust emission control by fuel variation
- Blow-by control
- Evaporation emission control device (EECD)
- Control of oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
- Total emission control packages
- Diesel Engine Emissions
- Diesel Smoke and Control
- Exhaust smoke
- Causes of smoke
- Measurement of smoke
- Control of smoke
- Diesel odour and control
- Comparison of Gasoline and Diesel Emissions
- Zero Emission
- Air Pollution from Gas Turbines and its Control
- Effects of Engine Emissions on Human Health
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- MISCELLANEOUS ENGINES
- Duel-fuel and Multi-fuel Engines
- Duel-fuel engines
- Multi-fuel engines
- Stratified Charge Engine
- Introduction
- Classification
- Advantages and disadvantages of stratified charge engines
- Stirling Engine
- Stirling cycle
- Working principle of stirling engine
- Differences between carnot and stirling engines
- Engine geometry and driving mechanism
- The Wankel Rotary Combustion (RC) Engine
- Introduction
- Construction and working
- Features
- Constructional and other details of Wankel engine
- Performance of Wankel engine
- Advantages and applications of rotary combustion engines
- Why Wankel rotary engine could not become successful ?
- Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Engines
- Introduction
- Methods to obtain variable compression ratio
- Analysis of VCR engine
- Performance of VCR engine
- Free-Piston Engine Plant
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- AIR COMPRESSORS
- General Aspects
- Classification of Air Compressors
- Reciprocating Compressors
- Construction and working of a reciprocating compressor (single-stage)
- Single-stage compressor : equation for work
- (neglecting clearance)
- Equation for work (with clearance volume)
- Volumetric efficiency
- Actual p-V (indicator) diagram for single-stage compressor
- Multi-stage compression
- Efficiency of compressor
- How to increase isothermal efficiency ?
- Clearance in compressors
- Effect of clearance volume
- Free air delivered (F A D ) and displacement
- Compressor performance
- Effect of atmospheric conditions on the output of a compressor
- Control of compressors
- Arrangement of reciprocating compressors
- Intercooler
- Compressed air motors
- Reciprocating air motor
- Rotary type air motor
- Rotary Compressors
- Classification
- Displacement compressors
- Steady-flow compressors
- Comparison between Reciprocating and Centrifugal Compressors
- Comparison between Reciprocating and Rotary Air Compressors
- Comparison betweeen Centrifugal and Axial Flow Compressors
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples
- GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION
- Gas Turbines—General Aspects
- Classification of Gas Turbines
- Merits of Gas Turbines
- Constant Pressure Combustion Turbines
- Open cycle gas turbines
- Methods for improvement of thermal efficiency of open cycle
- gas turbine plant
- Effect of operating variables on thermal efficiency
- Closed cycle gas turbine (constant pressure or joule cycle)
- Merits and demerits of closed cycle gas turbine over open
- cycle gas turbine
- Constant Volume Combustion Turbines
- Uses of Gas Turbines
- Gas Turbine Fuels
- Jet Propulsion
- Turbo-jet
- Turbo-prop
- Ram-jet
- Pulse-jet engine
- Rocket engines
- Highlights
- Objective Type Questions
- Theoretical Questions
- Unsolved Examples