Building Heat Transfer by Morris Davies

Building Heat Transfer by Morris Grenfell Davies

Contents of Building Heat Transfer

• Elementary Steady-State Heat Transfer
• Human Thermal Comfort
• Ambient Temperature
• Design Temperature
• Degree-Day Value
• The Traditional Building Heating Model
• Ventilation Loss
• Conduction Loss
• Loss from a Cylinder
• Seasonal Heat Need
• Plan of the Book
• Physical Constants of Materials
• Thermal Parameters for Gases: Kinetic Theory
• Representative Values for Solids
• Discussion
• Appendix: The Maxwellian Distribution
• Conduction-Dominated Systems
• Heat Flow along a Fin
• Heat Loss from a Solid Floor
• One-Dimensional Heat Loss
• Two-Dimensional Heat Loss
• Three-Dimensional Heat Loss
• Discussion of Floor Losses
• Placement of Insulation
• Heat Flow through Corners
• Solution using the Schwarz–Christoffel Transformation
• Appendix: Systems of Orthogonal Circles
• Thermal Circuit Theory
• Basic Thermal Elements
• Reference Temperature
• Temperature Node
• Pure Temperature Source
• Pure Heat Source
• Conductance
• Switch
• Quasi Heat Source
• Quasi Temperature Source
• The Heat Continuity Equation in an Enclosure
• The Mesh Approach
• The Nodal Approach
• Examples
• The Ventilated Cavity
• A Basic Circuit for Thermal Response
• Circuit Transforms
• Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems ´
• Delta-Star Transformation
• Series-Parallel Transformation
• Heat Transfer by Air Movement
• Laminar and Turbulent Flow
• Natural Convection: Dimensional Approach
• Vertical Surface
• Inclined Surface
• Horizontal Surface
• Natural Convection at a Vertical Surface: Analytical Approach
• Heat Transfer through a Laminar Boundary Layer
• Discussion of the Laminar Flow Solution
• Heat Transfer through a Vertical Turbulent Boundary Layer
• Natural Convection between Parallel Surfaces
• Convective Exchange at Room Surfaces
• Convective Exchange through an Aperture between Rooms
• Heat Exchange at an External Surface
• Heat Transfer by Radiation
• The Fourth-Power Law
• Emissivity, Absorptivity and Reflectivity
• Radiation View Factors
• Basic Expression for View Factors
• Examples of View Factors
• View Factors by Contour Integration
• Direct Radiant Exchange between Surfaces
• Assumptions for Radiant Exchange
• The Thermal Circuit Formulation
• Radiant Exchange in an Enclosure
• Net Conductance
• Optimal Star Links
• How Good is the Delta-Star Transformation?
• Discussion
• Linearisation of the Driving Potentials
• Inclusion of the Emissivity Conductance
• Space-Averaged Observable Radiant Temperature
• Space-averaged Observable Temperature due to an Internal
• Radiant Source
• Space-averaged Observable Radiant Temperature due to
• Bounding Surfaces
• Star-Based Model for Radiant Exchange in a Room
• Representation of Radiant Exchange by Surface-Surface Links
• Long-Wave Radiant Exchange at Building Exterior Surfaces
• Appendix: Conductance between Rectangles on Perpendicular and
• Parallel Surfaces
• Design Model for Steady-State Room Heat Exchange
• A Model Enclosure
• The Rad-Air Model for Enclosure Heat Flows
• Problems in Modelling Room Heat Exchange
• The Environmental Temperature Model
• The Invalidity of Environmental Temperature
• Flaws in the Argument
• What is Mean Radiant Temperature?
• Moisture Movement in Rooms
• Vapour Loss by Ventilation
• Vapour Resistivity
• Vapour Loss by Diffusion through Porous Walls
• Condensation on a Surface
• Condensation in a Wall: Simple Model
• Condensation in a Wall: More Detailed Models
• Condensation in Glass Fibre
• The Sorption Characteristic for Capillary-Porous Materials
• Moisture Movement in Capillary-Porous Materials
• Appendix: The Saturated Vapour Pressure Relation
• Appendix: Saturated Vapour Pressure over a Curved Surface
• Appendix: Measures of the Driving Potential for Water Vapour Transport
• Appendix: Mould Growth in Antiquity
• Solar Heating
• Factors Affecting Radiation Reaching the Earth
• Earth’s Orbit and Rotation
• The Sun’s Altitude and Azimuth
• Intensity of Radiation
• Solar Incidence on Glazing
• The Steady-State Solar Gain Factor
• Solar Gain Contribution to Heat Need
• The Wall with Lumped Elements
• Modelling Capacity
• Forms of Response for a Single-Capacity Circuit
• The r-c Circuit
• The r-c-r Circuit: Ramp Solution
• The r-c-r Circuit: Periodic Solution
• The Two-Capacity Wall
• Wall Decay Times
• Unit Flux Temperatures
• The Orthogonality Theorem and the Transient Solution
• Step and Steady-Slope Solutions
• Ramp Solution
• Examples
• Finite Difference Method
• Subdivision of the Wall
• Computational Formulae
• Discussion
• Evaluation of Complex Quantities
• The Electrical Analogue
• Time-Varying Elements
• Wall Conduction Transfer Coefficients for a Discretised System
• The Response Factors φ ,k
• The d Coefficients
• The Transfer Coefficients b ,k
• The Response Factors φ ,k, φ ,k and Transfer Coefficients a, c
• Simple Cases
• Heat Stored in the Steady State
• The Fourier Continuity Equation in One Dimension
• Progressive Solutions
• Space/Time-Independent Solutions
• The Transient Solution
• The Periodic Solution
• The Source Solution and its Family
• Further Source-Based Solutions
• Solutions for the Temperature Profile and Taylor’s Series
• Transform Methods
• Use of the Solutions
• Appendix: Penetration of a Signal into an Infinite Slab
• Analytical Transient Models for Step Excitation
• Slab without Films
• Cooling at the Surface
• Cooling at the Midplane
• The Film and Slab, Adiabatic at Rear: Groeber’s Model
• Solution
• Limiting Forms
• Early and Late Stages of Cooling at the Surface
• Cooling Curves: Exposed Surface
• Surface Response Time
• Cooling at the Midplane
• Discussion
• Jaeger’s Model
• Pratt’s Model
• A One-Dimensional System cannot have Two Equal Decay Times
• Discussion
• Simple Models for Room Response
• Wall Time Constant Models
• Enclosure Response Time Models
• Response Time by Analysis
• Response Time by Computation
• Response Time by Observation
• Response Time and HVAC Time Delays
• Models with Few Capacities
• One-Capacity Wall Models
• One-Capacity Enclosure Models
• Enclosure Models with Two or More Capacities
• Discussion
• Wall Parameters for Periodic Excitation
• The Finite-Thickness Slab
• The Slab with Films
• Thermal Parameters for an External Multilayer Wall
• Admittance of an Internal Wall
• Discussion
• An Exact Circuit Model for a Wall
• Optimal Three-Capacity Modelling of a Slab
• Appendix: Complex Quantities and Vector Representation
• Frequency-Domain Models for Room Response
• Basic Principles
• Hour Periodicity: Admittance Model
• Submultiples of Hours
• Further Developments
• Periodic Response for a Floor Slab
• Wall Conduction Transfer Coefficients for a Layered System
• The Single Slab
• Slope Response for a Multilayer Wall
• Transient Solution for a Multilayer Wall
• The Orthogonality Theorem
• Heat Flows in a Multilayer Wall
• Same-Side and Cross Excitation
• Transfer Coefficients
• Response Factors and Transfer Coefficients for an Example Wall
• Two-Layer Wall
• Wall with Resistances
• Discussion
• Derivations from Transfer Coefficients
• Wall Thermal Capacity
• Transfer Coefficients and Measures for Daily Sinusoidal
• Excitation
• Transfer Coefficients, Decay Times and Time of Peak Flow
• Transfer Coefficients with and without Film Coefficients
• Summary of Modelling Parameters
• The Equivalent Discretised Wall
• Error and Wall Thickness
• The Two-Capacity Homogeneous Wall
• The Real Wall is Discretised
• The Homogeneous Wall
• Wall Modelling
• Time- and Frequency-Domain Methods Compared
• Appendix: Finding the Decay Times
• Appendix: Inclusion of Moisture Movement
• Accuracy of Temperature Estimates Using Transfer Coefficients
• The r-c Model
• The Single Slab Driven by a Ramp
• The Single Slab Driven by a Flux
• The Single Slab Driven Sinusoidally
• Film and Slab Driven by a Ramp
• Film and Slab as Separate Entities
• Film and Slab as a Combined Entity
• The General Wall
• Discussion
• Room Thermal Response Using Transfer Coefficients
• Simplifying Assumptions
• A Basic Enclosure
• An Example Enclosure
• Internal Heat Transfer
• Heat Flow through the Walls
• Thermal Response to Ambient Temperature and Heat Input
• The Continuity Equations
• Response of the Enclosure
• Heating or Cooling when Comfort Temperature is Specified
• Development of the Model
• Infiltration between Adjacent Rooms