PDF Free Download | Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Prevention, Diagnosis, and Repair by Luca Bertolini, Bernhard Elsener, Pietro Pedeferri, and Rob B. Polder

Contents of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

• Part 1. Properties of Cementitious Materials
• Cements and Cement Paste
• Cement Types and Hydration Reaction
• Porosity and Transport Processes
• Water/cement Ratio and Curing
• Porosity, Permeability and Percolation
• Blended Cements
• Pozzolanic Materials
• Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
• Properties of Blended Cements
• Common Cements
• Other Types of Cement
• Transport Processes in Concrete
• Composition of Pore Solution and Water Content
• Composition of Pore Solution
• Water in Concrete
• Water Content and Transport Processes
• Diffusion
• Stationary Diffusion
• Non-stationary Diffusion
• Diffusion and Binding
• Capillary Suction
• Permeation
• Water Permeability Coefficient
• Gas Permeability Coefficient
• Migration
• Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
• Ion Transport in Solution
• Ion Transport in Concrete
• Resistivity of Concrete
• Mechanisms and Significant Parameters
• Degradation of Concrete
• Freeze-thaw Attack
• Mechanism
• Factors Influencing Frost Resistance
• Air-entrained Concrete
• Attack by Acids and Pure Water
• Acid Attack
• Biogenic Sulfuric Acid Attack
• Attack by Pure Water
• Ammonium Attack
• Sulfate Attack
• Mechanism
• Protection
• Alkali Silica Reaction
• Alkali Content in Cement and Pore Solution
• Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR)
• Attack by Seawater
• Part 2. Mechanisms of Corrosion
• General Aspects
• Initiation and Propagation of Corrosion
• Initiation Phase
• Propagation Phase
• Corrosion Rate
• Consequences
• Behaviour of Other Metals
• Carbonation-induced Corrosion
• Carbonation of Concrete
• Penetration of Carbonation
• Factors that Influence the Carbonation Rate
• Initiation Time
• Parabolic Formula
• Other Formulas
• Corrosion Rate
• Carbonated and Chloride-contaminated Concrete
• Chloride-induced Corrosion
• Pitting Corrosion
• Corrosion Initiation
• Chloride Threshold
• Chloride Penetration
• Surface Content (Cs)
• Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
• Corrosion Rate
• Electrochemical Aspects
• Electrochemical Mechanism of Corrosion
• Non-carbonated Concrete without Chlorides
• Anodic Polarization Curve
• Cathodic Polarization Curve
• Corrosion Conditions
• Carbonated Concrete
• Concrete Containing Chlorides
• Corrosion Initiation and Pitting Potential
• Propagation
• Repassivation
• Structures Cathodically or Anodically Polarized
• Macrocells
• Structures Exposed to the Atmosphere
• Buried Structures and Immersed Structures
• Electrochemical Aspects
• Stray-current-induced Corrosion
• DC Stray Current
• Alkaline and Chloride-free Concrete
• Passive Steel in Chloride-contaminated Concrete
• Corroding Steel
• AC Stray Current
• High-strength Steel
• Inspection
• Protection from Stray Current
• Hydrogen-induced Stress-corrosion Cracking
• Stress-corrosion Cracking (SCC)
• Failure under Service of High-strength Steel
• Crack Initiation
• Crack Propagation
• Fast Propagation
• Critical Conditions
• Fracture Surface
• Metallurgical, Mechanical and Load Conditions
• Susceptibility of Steel to HI-SCC
• Environmental Conditions
• Hydrogen Generated During Operation
• Hydrogen Generated before Ducts are Filled
• Part 3. Prevention
• Design for Durability
• Conditions of Aggressiveness
• Concrete Quality
• Cracks
• Thickness of the Concrete Cover
• Service-life Modelling and Refined Methods for Service-life Design
• Evaluation of the Service Life with Respect to Carbonation
• Evaluation of the Service Life with Respect to Chloride Penetration
• Performance-based Service-life Design According to DuraCrete
• Initiation Time for Carbonation-induced Corrosion
• Propagation Time for Carbonation- (and Chloride)-induced Corrosion
• Initiation Time for Marine Structures
• Design Equation for Chloride-induced Corrosion Initiation
• Tabulated Values
• Safety Factors
• Calculation and Results
• Concluding Remarks
• Additional Protection Measures
• Preventative Measures in the Presence of Chlorides
• Concrete Technology for Corrosion Prevention
• Constituents of Concrete
• Cement
• Aggregates
• Mixing Water
• Admixtures
• Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete
• Workability
• Strength
• Deformation
• Shrinkage and Cracking
• Mix Design
• Concrete Manufacturing
• Mixing, Handling, Placement, and Compaction
• Curing
• Design Details
• Concrete with Special Properties
• Concrete with Mineral Additions
• High-performance Concrete (HPC)
• Self-compacting Concrete (SCC)
• Corrosion Inhibitors
• Mechanism of Corrosion Inhibitors
• Mode of Action of Corrosion Inhibitors
• Corrosion Inhibitors to Prevent or Delay Corrosion Initiation
• Corrosion Inhibitors to Reduce the Propagation Rate of Corrosion
• Transport of the Inhibitor into Mortar or Concrete
• Field Tests and Experience with Corrosion Inhibitors
• Critical Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors
• Effectiveness of Corrosion Inhibitors
• Surface Treatments
• General Remarks
• Organic Coatings
• Properties and Testing
• Performance
• Hydrophobic Treatment
• Properties and Testing
• Performance
• Treatments that Block Pores
• Cementitious Coatings and Layers
• Concluding Remarks on Effectiveness and Durability of
• Surface Treatments
• Corrosion-resistant Reinforcement
• Steels for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
• Reinforcing Bars
• Prestressing Steel
• Corrosion Behaviour
• Stainless-Steel Rebars
• Properties of Stainless-Steel Rebars
• Corrosion Resistance
• Coupling with Carbon Steel
• Applications and Cost
• Galvanized-Steel Rebars
• Properties of Galvanized-steel bars
• Corrosion Resistance
• Epoxy-coated Rebars
• Properties of the Coating
• Corrosion Resistance
• Contents XV
• Practical Aspects
• Effectiveness
• Part 4. Diagnosis
• Inspection and Condition Assessment
• Visual Inspection and Cover Depth
• Electrochemical Inspection Techniques
• Half-cell Potential Mapping
• Resistivity Measurements
• Corrosion Rate
• Chemical Analysis of Concrete
• Carbonation Depth
• Chloride Determination
• Monitoring
• Introduction
• Monitoring with Non-electrochemical Sensors
• Monitoring with Electrochemical Sensors
• Critical Factors
• On the Way to “Smart Structures”
• Part 5. Repair
• Principles and Methods for Repair
• Repair Options
• Basic Repair Principles
• Repair Methods for Carbonated Structures
• Repassivation
• Reduction of the Moisture Content of the Concrete
• Coating of the Reinforcement
• Repair Methods for Chloride-contaminated Structures
• Repassivation
• Cathodic Protection
• Other Methods
• Conventional Repair
• Assessment of the Condition of the Structure
• Removal of Concrete
• Definition of Concrete to be Removed
• Techniques for Concrete Removal
• Surface Preparation
• Preparation of Reinforcement
• Application of Repair Material
• Requirements
• Repair Materials
• Specifications and Tests
• Additional Protection
• Strengthening
• Electrochemical Techniques
• Development of the Techniques
• Cathodic Protection
• Cathodic Prevention
• Electrochemical Chloride Removal
• Electrochemical Realkalization
• Effects of the Circulation of Current
• Beneficial Effects
• Side Effects
• How Various Techniques Work
• Cathodic Protection and Cathodic Prevention
• Cathodic Protection of Steel in Chloride-contaminated Concrete
• Cathodic Prevention
• Cathodic Protection in Carbonated Concrete
• Throwing Power
• The Anode System
• Practical Aspects
• Electrochemical Chloride Extraction and Realkalisation
• Electrochemical Chloride Extraction
• Electrochemical Realkalisation
• Practical Aspects