Dynamic Behavior of Concrete and Seismic Engineering

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Contents of Dynamic Behavior of Concrete and Seismic Engineering

Chapter 1. Dynamic Behavior of Concrete: Experimental Aspects
Introduction
Meaning of the word “dynamic”
Reminders about dynamic experimentation
Identifying the behavior of concrete under fast dynamic loadings
Tests in which the transient rate has little influence
Tests involving deviatoric behavior
Tests with prevailing spherical behavior
Tests with transient phase conditioned interpretations
Tests involving mainly traction behavior
Tests implementing compression behavior
Other tests
Tests adaptable to an energetic approach
Validation tests on structures requiring an inverse analysis
Synthesis of the experimental data on concrete and associated materials
Data on cement paste mortar and concrete
Data available for reinforced concrete
Data about fiber-reinforced concretes
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 2. Dynamic Behavior of Concrete: Constitutive Models
Dynamics of concrete structures
Macroscopic phenomena
Perforation
Dynamic Behavior of Concrete and Seismic Engineering
Ejection of fragments
Loading range
Loading path
Fast dynamics applied to concrete
Impacts and waves
Impact and shock polar curve
Shock between two solids
Scabbing
Effect of a shock wave on the structure of materials
Modeling types
Behavior description theoretical frames
Integrating sensitivity to the strain rate
Elasto-plasticity and criteria Damage
Notion of a state law
Location limiter and time sensitivity
Models
Elasticity-based model
Models based on the theory of plasticity
Models based on damage mechanics
Model coupling damage and plasticity
Model coupling damage and mechanics of porous media
Model deriving from a hydrodynamic approach
Endochronic models
Discrete element method
Conclusion
Main features of the models
Contribution of distinct elements
Bibliography
Chapter 3. Seismic Ground Motion
Introduction
Measuring seismic motions
Differences between seismological and accelerometer networks
Accelerometer networks
Accelerometer data banks
Quantitative characterization of seismic movements
Time maximum values
Spectral characterizations
Features of hybrid characterizations
Caveats regarding differential motions
Factors affecting seismic motions
Spectral signature of the seismic source
Effects of propagation in the Earth’s crust
Site effects
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 4. Soil Behavior: Dynamic Soil-Structure Interactions
Introduction
Behavior of soils under seismic loading
Influence of the nature of soils on seismic movements
Experimental description of soil behavior
Modeling soil behavior
An experimental description of elastic soil behavior (JdJs)
Linear visco-elastic models for medium strain domains
High strain domain non-linear models where JtJv
Linear soil-structure interactions
Illustration of the soil-structure interaction effect
Expression of a soil-structure problem
Superposition theorem
Practical modeling of the soil-structure interaction
Non-linear soil-structure interactions
Geometric non-linearities and uplift of the foundations
Non-linearities of behavior
Modeling the non-linear soil-structure interaction
Bibliography
Chapter 5. Experimental Methods in Earthquake Engineering
Introduction
The pseudo-dynamic method
Introduction
History of the PSD method
The ELSA laboratory
Comparison with shaking tables
The conventional pseudo-dynamic method
Algorithms
Implementation at ELSA
The sub-structuration method
Illustration
Continuous pseudo-dynamic method
Continuous method principle
Implementation at ELSA
Sub-structuration for the continuous method
Final comments
Dynamic Behavior of Concrete and Seismic Engineering
Shaking table tests
Introduction
Characteristics and performance of shaking tables
Laws of similarity
Instrumentation
Loading
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 6. Experiments on Large Structures
Instrumentation
Dynamic loads
Data processing
Application to buildings
The slanting tower at the Montreal Olympic Stadium
Reinforced concrete building
Bridge application
Pedestrian footbridge
A mixed cable-stayed/suspension bridge
Application to large dams
Assessment of a response spectrum on the crown
Study of foundation-ice-reservoir-dam interactions
Study of the effect of the water level inside the reservoirs
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter 7. Models for Simulating the Seismic Response of Concrete Structures
Introduction
Different discretization families
Global modeling
Semi-global modeling
D and D fine models
Behavior laws for concrete
Semi-empirical mixed models
Damage model
Plasticity model for concrete
Cyclic models for steel
Taking construction layouts and second-order phenomena into account
A few examples with their validation through experiments
Application of the semi-global method to a four-storey structure
Semi-global and local models applied to concrete walls
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 8. Seismic Analysis of Structures: Improvements Due to Probabilistic Concepts
Introduction
The modal method
Data about the seismic source
Calculation of structural responses using the modal method
Criticism of the modal method
A few reminders about random processes
Definition and characterization of a time random process
Second order characterization
Response of a linear system to random stress
Using stochastic equations
Extrema statistics in a stationary process
Improvements to the modal method
Complete quadratic combination
Peak factor effect
Direct calculation of the floor spectra
Representation of non-stationary processes
Adjusting a separable process from the ORS data
Determination of the floor spectra
Creation of synthetic signals and direct numerical integration
Seismic analysis of non-linear behavior structures
Introduction
Main non-linearities of seismically-loaded structures
Notion of “inelastic spectra”
Conventional method of stochastic linearization
Random parameter stochastic linearization
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 9. Engineering Know-How: Lessons from Earthquakes and Rules for Seismic Design
Introduction
Lessons from earthquakes
Pathologies linked to overall behavior
Problems linked to local under-design
Dynamic Behavior of Concrete and Seismic Engineering
Problems linked to construction layout
The aims of anti-seismic protection standards
Standardization of anti-seismic design
Main objectives of anti-seismic protection
Verification method
Capacity-design method
General design
Design principles
Regularity conditions
Calculation of seismic action effects
Behavior coefficients
Using behavior coefficients
Structure behavior and behavior coefficients
Local ductility and behavior coefficients
Ductility classes and behavior coefficients
Designing and dimensioning reinforced concrete structure elements
Regulations specific to reinforced concrete in seismic areas
Main types of reinforced concrete bracing
Main frames
Reinforced concrete bracing walls
Detail designing
Conclusions
Bibliography