PDF Free Download | Engineering Electromagnetics by Nathan Ida
Contents of Engineering Electromagnetics eBook
- Vector Algebra
- Introduction
- Scalars and Vectors
- Magnitude and Direction of Vectors: The Unit Vector
- and Components of a Vector
- Vector Addition and Subtraction
- Vector Scaling
- Products of Vectors
- The Scalar Product
- The Vector Product
- Multiple Vector and Scalar Products
- Definition of Fields
- Scalar Fields
- Vector Fields
- Systems of Coordinates
- The Cartesian Coordinate System
- The Cylindrical Coordinate System
- The Spherical Coordinate System
- Transformation from Cylindrical to Spherical Coordinates
- Position Vectors
- Problems
- Vector Calculus
- Introduction
- Integration of Scalar and Vector Functions
- Line Integrals
- Surface Integrals
- Volume Integrals
- Differentiation of Scalar and Vector Functions
- The Gradient of a Scalar Function
- The Divergence of a Vector Field
- The Divergence Theorem
- Circulation of a Vector and the Curl
- Stokes’ Theorem
- Conservative and Nonconservative Fields
- Null Vector Identities and Classification of Vector Fields
- The Helmholtz Theorem
- Second-Order Operators
- Other Vector Identities
- Problems
- Coulomb’s Law and the Electric Field
- Introduction
- Charge and Charge Density
- Coulomb’s Law
- The Electric Field Intensity
- Electric Fields of Point Charges
- Electric Fields of Charge Distributions
- The Electric Flux Density and Electric Flux
- Applications
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- Gauss’s Law and the Electric Potential
- Introduction
- The Electrostatic Field: Postulates
- Gauss’s Law
- Applications of Gauss’s Law
- The Electric Potential
- Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
- Electric Potential Due to Distributed Charges
- Calculation of Electric Field Intensity from Potential
- Materials in the Electric Field
- Conductors
- Dielectric Materials
- Polarization and the Polarization Vector
- Electric Flux Density and Permittivity
- Dielectric Strength
- Interface Conditions
- Interface Conditions Between Two Dielectrics
- Interface Conditions Between Dielectrics and Conductors
- Capacitance
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Capacitance of Infinite Structures
- Connection of Capacitors
- Energy in the Electrostatic Field: Point and Distributed Charges
- Energy in the Electrostatic Field: Field Variables
- Forces in the Electrostatic Field: The Principle of Virtual Work
- Applications
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- Boundary Value Problems: Analytic Methods of Solution
- Introduction
- Poisson’s Equation for the Electrostatic Field
- Laplace’s Equation for the Electrostatic Field
- Solution Methods
- Uniqueness of Solution
- Solution by Direct Integration
- The Method of Images
- Separation of Variables: Solution to Laplace’s Equation
- Experiments: The Method of Images
- Summary
- Problems
- Boundary Value Problems: Numerical (Approximate) Methods
- Introduction
- A Note on Computer Programs
- The General Idea of Numerical Solutions
- The Finite Difference Method: Solution to the Laplace
- and Poisson Equations
- The Finite Difference Approximation: First-Order Derivative
- The Finite Difference Approximation: Second-Order Derivative
- Implementation
- Solution to Poisson’s Equation
- The Method of Moments: An Intuitive Approach
- The Finite Element Method: Introduction
- The Finite Element
- Implementation of the Finite Element Method
- Summary
- Problems
- The Steady Electric Current
- Introduction
- Conservation of Charge
- Conductors, Dielectrics, and Lossy Dielectrics
- Moving Charges in an Electric Field
- Convection Current and Convection Current Density
- Conduction Current and Conduction Current Density
- Ohm’s Law
- Power Dissipation and Joule’s Law
- The Continuity Equation and Kirchhoff’s Current Law
- Kirchhoff’s Current Law
- Current Density as a Field
- Sources of Steady Currents
- Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
- Interface Conditions for Current Density
- Applications
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- The Static Magnetic Field
- Introduction
- The Magnetic Field, Magnetic Field Intensity,
- and Magnetic Flux Density
- The Biot–Savart Law
- Applications of the Biot–Savart Law to Distributed Currents
- Ampere’s Law
- Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Flux
- Postulates of the Static Magnetic Field
- Potential Functions
- The Magnetic Vector Potential
- The Magnetic Scalar Potential
- Applications
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- Magnetic Materials and Properties
- Introduction
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- The Magnetic Dipole
- Magnetization: A Model of Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Behavior of Magnetic Materials
- Magnetic Interface Conditions
- Interface Conditions for the Tangential and Normal
- Components of the Magnetic Field Intensity H
- Inductance and Inductors
- Inductance per Unit Length
- External and Internal Inductance
- Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field
- Magnetostatic Energy in Terms of Fields
- Magnetic Circuits
- Forces in the Magnetic Field
- Principle of Virtual Work: Energy in a Gap
- Torque
- Applications
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- Faraday’s Law and Induction
- Introduction
- Faraday’s Law
- Lenz’s Law
- Motional Electromotive Force: The DC Generator
- Induced emf Due to Transformer Action
- Combined Motional and Transformer Action
- Electromotive Force
- The Alternating Current Generator
- The Transformer
- The Ideal Transformer
- The Real Transformer: Finite Permeability
- The Real Transformer: Finite Permeability and Flux Leakage
- Eddy Currents
- Applications
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- Maxwell’s Equations
- Introduction: The Electromagnetic Field
- Maxwell’s Equations
- Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form
- Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form
- Time-Dependent Potential Functions
- Scalar Potentials
- The Magnetic Vector Potential
- Other Potential Functions
- Interface Conditions for the Electromagnetic Field
- Interface Conditions for the Electric Field
- Interface Conditions for the Magnetic Field
- Particular Forms of Maxwell’s Equations
- Time-Harmonic Representation
- Maxwell’s Equations: The Time-Harmonic Form
- Source-Free Equations
- Summary
- Problems
- Electromagnetic Waves and Propagation
- Introduction
- The Wave
- The Electromagnetic Wave Equation and Its Solution
- The Time-Dependent Wave Equation
- Time-Harmonic Wave Equations
- Solution of the Wave Equation
- Solution for Uniform Plane Waves
- The One-Dimensional Wave Equation in Free-Space and Perfect Dielectrics
- The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- The Poynting Theorem and Electromagnetic Power
- The Complex Poynting Vector
- Propagation of Plane Waves in Materials
- Propagation of Plane Waves in Lossy Dielectrics
- Propagation of Plane Waves in Low-Loss Dielectrics
- Propagation of Plane Waves in Conductors
- The Speed of Propagation of Waves and Dispersion
- Polarization of Plane Waves
- Linear Polarization
- Elliptical and Circular Polarization
- Applications
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves
- Introduction
- Reflection and Transmission at a General Dielectric Interface:
- Normal Incidence
- Reflection and Transmission at an Air-Lossy Dielectric
- Interface: Normal Incidence
- Reflection and Transmission at an Air-Lossless Dielectric
- Interface: Normal Incidence
- Reflection and Transmission at an Air-Conductor Interface:
- Normal Incidence
- Reflection and Transmission at an Interface: Oblique Incidence on a Conductor
- Oblique Incidence on a Conducting Interface:
- Perpendicular Polarization
- Oblique Incidence on a Conducting Interface:
- Parallel Polarization
- Oblique Incidence on Dielectric Interfaces
- Oblique Incidence on a Dielectric Interface: Perpendicular
- Polarization
- Oblique Incidence on a Dielectric Interface:
- Parallel Polarization
- Brewster’s Angle
- Total Reflection
- Reflection and Transmission for Layered Materials at Normal Incidence
- Applications
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- Theory of Transmission Lines
- Introduction
- The Transmission Line
- Transmission Line Parameters
- Calculation of Line Parameters
- The Transmission Line Equations
- Time-Domain Transmission Line Equations
- Types of Transmission Lines
- The Lossless Transmission Line
- The Long Transmission Line
- The Distortionless Transmission Line
- The Low-Resistance Transmission Line
- The Field Approach to Transmission Lines
- Finite Transmission Lines
- The Load Reflection Coefficient
- Line Impedance and the Generalized
- Reflection Coefficient
- The Lossless, Terminated Transmission Line
- The Lossless, Matched Transmission Line
- The Lossless, Shorted Transmission Line
- The Lossless, Open Transmission Line
- The Lossless, Resistively Loaded Transmission Line
- Power Relations on a General Transmission Line
- Resonant Transmission Line Circuits
- Applications
- Experiment
- Summary
- Problems
- The Smith Chart, Impedance Matching, and Transmission
- Line Circuits
- Introduction
- The Smith Chart
- The Smith Chart as an Admittance Chart
- Impedance Matching and the Smith Chart
- Impedance Matching
- Stub Matching
- Quarter-Wavelength Transformer Matching
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- Transients on Transmission Lines
- Introduction
- Propagation of Narrow Pulses on Finite, Lossless
- Transmission Lines
- Propagation of Narrow Pulses on Finite, Distortionless
- Transmission Lines
- Transients on Transmission Lines: Long Pulses
- Transients on Transmission Lines: Finite-Length Pulses
- Reflections from Discontinuities
- Transients on Lines with Reactive Loading
- Capacitive Loading
- Inductive Loading
- Initial Conditions on Transmission Lines
- Experiments
- Summary
- Problems
- Waveguides and Resonators
- Introduction
- The Concept of a Waveguide
- Transverse Electromagnetic, Transverse Electric,
- and Transverse Magnetic Waves
- Transverse Electromagnetic Waves
- Transverse Electric (TE) Waves
- Transverse Magnetic (TM) Waves
- TE Propagation in Parallel Plate Waveguides
- TM Propagation in Parallel Plate Waveguides
- TEM Waves in Parallel Plate Waveguides
- Rectangular Waveguides
- TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguides
- TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguides
- Attenuation and Losses in Rectangular Waveguides
- Other Waveguides
- Cavity Resonators
- TM Modes in Cavity Resonators
- TE Modes in Cavity Resonators
- Energy Relations in a Cavity Resonator
- Quality Factor of a Cavity Resonator
- Applications
- Summary
- Problems
- Antennas and Electromagnetic Radiation
- Introduction
- Electromagnetic Radiation and Radiation Safety
- Antennas
- The Electric Dipole
- The Near Field
- The Far Field
- Properties of Antennas
- Radiated Power
- Radiation Resistance
- Antenna Radiation Patterns
- Radiation Intensity and Average Radiation Intensity
- Antenna Directivity
- Antenna Gain and Radiation Efficiency
- The Magnetic Dipole
- Near Fields for the Magnetic Dipole
- Far Fields for the Magnetic Dipole
- Properties of the Magnetic Dipole
- Practical Antennas
- Linear Antennas of Arbitrary Length
- The Monopole Antenna
- Antenna Arrays
- The Two-Element Array
- The n-Element Linear Array
- Reciprocity and Receiving Antennas
- Effective Aperture
- The Radar
- Types of Radar
- Other Antennas
- Applications
- Summary
- Problems