PDF Free Download | English for Research Usage Style and Grammar by Adrian Wallwork

Contents of English for Research Usage Style and Grammar

• Nouns: plurals, countable versus uncountable
• regular plurals
• irregular plurals
• nouns ending in -s
• nouns indicating a group of people
• number-verb agreement
• countable nouns: use with articles
• singular countable nouns: use with and without
• a / an in scientific English
• uncountable nouns: general rules
• uncountable nouns: using a different word or form
• uncountable nouns: more details
• Genitive: the possessive form of nouns
• position of the ’s with authors and referees
• theories, instruments etc
• companies and politicians
• universities, departments, institutes etc
• animals
• genitive with inanimate objects
• periods of time
• Inde fi nite article: a / an
• a versus an: basic rules
• a versus an: use with acronyms, digits, and symbols
• a / an versus one
• a / an versus the: generic versus specific
• a / an versus the: definitions and statements
• a / an, the, possessive pronoun: parts of the body
• De fi nite article: the
• definite article (the): main usage
• specific versus general: examples
• other uses of the definite article
• Zero article: no article
• zero article versus definite article (the): main usage
• other uses of the zero article
• nationalities, countries, languages
• zero article and the: contradictory usage in scientific English
• zero article versus a / an
• zero article and a / an: contradictory usage in scientific English
• Quantifiers: any, some, much, many, each, every etc
• quantifiers used with countable and uncountable nouns
• any versus some
• any versus no
• a little, a few vs little, few
• much, many, a lot of, and lots of
• each versus every, every versus any
• no versus not
• Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whose
• that, which, who, whose
• that versus which and who
• omission of that, which and who
• avoiding ambiguity by using a relative clause
• in preference to the -ing form
• avoid long and difficult-to-read sentences involving which
• avoid ambiguity with which
• Tenses: present, past, future
• present simple vs present continuous: key rules
• present perfect: key rules
• present perfect: problem areas
• past simple: key rules
• present simple vs past simple: specifi c rules
• (aims and methods)
• present simple, present perfect and simple past:
• reference to the literature
• present simple vs past simple: specifi c rules
• (results and discussion)
• present perfect vs present perfect continuous
• past continuous and past perfect vs simple past
• will
• Conditional forms: zero, fi rst, second, third
• zero and first conditional
• second conditional
• other uses of would
• present simple versus would
• third conditional
• Passive versus active: impersonal versus
• personal forms
• main uses of passive
• passive better than active: more examples
• active better than passive
• ambiguity with passive
• Imperative, in fi nitive versus gerund (−ing form)
• imperative
• infinitive
• in order to
• passive infinitive
• perfect infinitive
• gerund (−ing form): usage
• by versus thus + gerund to avoid ambiguity
• other sources of ambiguity with the gerund
• replacing an ambiguous gerund with that or which,
• or with a rearranged phrase
• verbs that express purpose or appearance + infinitive
• verbs that require an accusative construction
• (i e person / thing + infinitive)
• active and passive form: with and without infinitive
• active form: verbs not used with the infinitive
• let and make
• verbs + gerund, recommend, suggest
• verbs that take both infinitive and gerund
• Modal verbs: can, may, could, should, must etc
• present and future ability and possibility:
• can versus may
• impossibility and possibility: cannot versus may not
• ability: can, could versus be able to, manage, succeed
• deductions and speculations about the present: must,
• cannot, should
• deductions and speculations: could, might (not)
• present obligations: must, must not, have to, need
• past obligation: should have + past participle,
• had to, was supposed to
• obligation and recommendation: should
• Link words (adverbs and conjunctions):
• also, although, but etc
• about, as far as … is concerned
• also, in addition, as well, besides, moreover
• also, as well, too, both, all: use with not
• although, even though versus even if
• and, along with
• as versus as it
• as versus like (unlike)
• as, because, due to, for, insofar as, owing to,
• since, why
• both … and, either … or
• e g versus for example
• e g , i e , etc
• for this reason versus for this purpose, to this end
• the former, the latter
• however, although, but, yet, despite, nevertheless,
• nonetheless, notwithstanding
• however versus nevertheless
• in contrast with vs compared to, by comparison with
• instead, on the other hand, whereas, on the contrary
• thus, therefore, hence, consequently, so, thereby
• omission of words in sentences with and, but, both
• and or
• Adverbs and prepositions: already, yet, at, in, of etc
• above (below), over (under)
• across, through
• already, still, yet
• among, between, from, of (differentiation
• and selection)
• at, in, to (location, state, change)
• at, in and on (time)
• at, to (measurement, quality)
• before, after, beforehand, afterwards,
• first (time sequences)
• beside, next to, near (to), close to (location)
• by and from (cause, means and origin)
• by, in, of (variations)
• by and within (time)
• by now, for now, for the moment, until now, so far
• during, over and throughout (time)
• for, since, from (time)
• in, now, currently, at the moment
• in, inside, within (location)
• of and with (material, method, agreement)
• Sentence length, conciseness, clarity and ambiguity
• maximum two ideas per sentence
• put information in chronological order, particularly
• in the methods section
• avoid parenthetical phrases
• avoid redundancy
• prefer verbs to nouns
• use adjectives rather than nouns
• be careful of use of personal pronouns: you, one, he,
• she, they
• essential and non-essential use of: we, us, our
• avoid informal words and contractions
• emphatic do / does, giving emphasis
• with auxiliary verbs
• ensuring consistency throughout a manuscript
• translating concepts that only exist in your
• country / language
• always use the same key words: repetition of words
• is not a problem
• avoid ambiguity when using the former /
• the latter, which, and pronouns
• avoid ambiguity when using as, in accordance with,
• according to
• when expressing a negative concept using a negation
• Word order: nouns and verbs
• put the subject before the verb and as near as possible
• to the beginning of the phrase
• decide what to put first in a sentence: alternatives
• do not delay the subject
• avoid long subjects that delay the main verb
• inversion of subject and verb
• inversion of subject and verb with only, rarely,
• seldom etc
• inversions with so, neither, nor
• put direct object before indirect object
• phrasal verbs
• noun + noun and noun + of + noun constructions
• strings of nouns: use prepositions where possible
• deciding which noun to put first in strings of nouns
• position of prepositions with which, who and where
• Word order: adverbs
• frequency + also, only, just, already
• probability
• manner
• time
• first(ly), second(ly) etc
• adverbs with more than one meaning
• shift the negation word (no, not, nothing etc ) to near
• the beginning of the phrase
• Word order: adjectives and past participles
• adjectives
• multiple adjectives
• ensure it is clear which noun an adjective refers to
• past participles
• Comparative and superlative: -er , -est , irregular forms
• form and usage
• position
• comparisons of (in)equality
• the more … the more
• Measurements: abbreviations, symbols, use of articles
• abbreviations and symbols: general rules
• spaces with symbols and abbreviations
• use of articles: a / an versus the
• expressing measurements: adjectives,
• nouns and verbs
• Numbers: words versus numerals, plurals, use of articles,
• dates etc
• words versus numerals: basic rules
• words versus numerals: additional rules
• when – can be used as digits rather than words
• making numbers plural
• singular or plural with numbers
• abbreviations, symbols, percentages, fractions,
• and ordinals
• ranges of values and use of hyphens
• definite article (the) and zero article with numbers
• and measurements
• definite article (the) and zero article with months,
• years, decades and centuries
• once, twice versus one time, two times
• ordinal numbers, abbreviations
• and Roman numerals
• dates
• Acronyms: usage, grammar, plurals, punctuation
• main usage
• foreign acronyms
• grammar
• punctuation
• Abbreviations and Latin words: usage meaning,
• punctuation
• usage
• punctuation
• abbreviations found in bibliographies
• common Latin expressions and abbreviations
• Capitalization: headings, dates, fi gures etc
• titles and section headings
• days, months, countries, nationalities,
• natural languages
• academic titles, degrees, subjects (of study),
• departments, institutes, faculties, universities
• figure, table, section etc ; step, phase, stage etc
• keywords
• acronyms
• euro, the internet
• Punctuation: apostrophes, colons, commas etc
• apostrophes (’)
• colons (:)
• commas (,): usage
• commas (,): non usage
• dashes (_)
• hyphens (-): part
• hyphens (-): part
• parentheses ( )
• periods ( )
• quotation marks (‘ ’)
• semicolons (;)
• bullets: round, numbered, ticked
• bullets: consistency and avoiding redundancy
• Referring to the literature
• most common styles
• common dangers
• punctuation: commas and semicolons
• punctuation: parentheses
• et al
• Figures and tables: making reference, writing captions
• and legends
• figures, tables
• legends
• referring to other parts of the manuscript
• Spelling: rules, US versus GB, typical typos
• rules
• some differences in British (GB) and American
• (US) spelling, by type
• some differences in British (GB) and American
• (US) spelling, alphabetically
• misspellings that spell-checking software
• does not find