PDF Free Download | Heat and Mass Transfer Second, revised Edition by Hans Dieter Baehr and Karl Stephan
Contents of Heat and Mass Transfer eBook
- Introduction Technical Applications
- The different types of heat transfer
- Heat conduction
- Steady, one-dimensional conduction of heat
- Convective heat transfer Heat transfer coefficient
- Determining heat transfer coefficients Dimensionless numbers
- Thermal radiation
- Radiative exchange
- Overall heat transfer
- The overall heat transfer coefficient
- Multi-layer walls
- Overall heat transfer through walls with extended surfaces
- Heating and cooling of thin walled vessels
- Heat exchangers
- Types of heat exchanger and flow configurations
- General design equations Dimensionless groups
- Countercurrent and cocurrent heat exchangers
- Crossflow heat exchangers
- Operating characteristics of further flow configurations Diagrams
- The different types of mass transfer
- Diffusion
- Composition of mixtures
- Diffusive fluxes
- Fick’s law
- Diffusion through a semipermeable plane Equimolar diffusion
- Convective mass transfer
- Mass transfer theories
- Film theory
- Boundary layer theory
- Penetration and surface renewal theories
- Application of film theory to evaporative cooling
- Overall mass transfer
- Mass transfer apparatus
- Material balances
- Concentration profiles and heights of mass transfer columns
- Exercises
- Heat conduction and mass diffusion
- The heat conduction equation
- Derivation of the differential equation for the temperature field
- The heat conduction equation for bodies with constant
- material properties
- Boundary conditions
- Temperature dependent material properties
- Similar temperature fields
- Steady-state heat conduction
- Geometric one-dimensional heat conduction with heat sources
- Longitudinal heat conduction in a rod
- The temperature distribution in fins and pins
- Fin efficiency
- Geometric multi-dimensional heat flow
- Superposition of heat sources and heat sinks
- Shape factors
- Transient heat conduction
- Solution methods
- The Laplace transformation
- The semi-infinite solid
- Heating and cooling with different boundary conditions
- Two semi-infinite bodies in contact with each other
- Periodic temperature variations
- Cooling or heating of simple bodies in one-dimensional heat flow
- Formulation of the problem
- Separating the variables
- Results for the plate
- Results for the cylinder and the sphere
- Approximation for large times: Restriction to the first
- term in the series
- A solution for small times
- Cooling and heating in multi-dimensional heat flow
- Product solutions
- Approximation for small Biot numbers
- Solidification of geometrically simple bodies
- The solidification of flat layers (Stefan problem)
- The quasi-steady approximation
- Improved approximations
- Heat sources
- Homogeneous heat sources
- Point and linear heat sources
- Numerical solutions to heat conduction problems
- The simple, explicit difference method for transient heat conduction
- problems
- The finite difference equation
- The stability condition
- Heat sources
- Discretisation of the boundary conditions
- The implicit difference method from J Crank and P Nicolson
- Noncartesian coordinates Temperature dependent material
- properties
- The discretisation of the self-adjoint differential operator
- Constant material properties Cylindrical coordinates
- Temperature dependent material properties
- Transient two- and three-dimensional temperature fields
- Steady-state temperature fields
- A simple finite difference method for plane, steady-state
- temperature fields
- Consideration of the boundary conditions
- Mass diffusion
- Remarks on quiescent systems
- Derivation of the differential equation for the concentration field
- Simplifications
- Boundary conditions
- Steady-state mass diffusion with catalytic surface reaction
- Steady-state mass diffusion with homogeneous chemical reaction
- Transient mass diffusion
- Transient mass diffusion in a semi-infinite solid
- Transient mass diffusion in bodies of simple geometry
- with one-dimensional mass flow
- Exercises
- Convective heat and mass transfer Single phase flow
- Preliminary remarks: Longitudinal, frictionless flow over a flat plate
- The balance equations
- Reynolds’ transport theorem
- The mass balance
- Pure substances
- Multicomponent mixtures
- The momentum balance
- The stress tensor
- Cauchy’s equation of motion
- The strain tensor
- Constitutive equations for the solution of the
- momentum equation
- The Navier-Stokes equations
- The energy balance
- Dissipated energy and entropy
- Constitutive equations for the solution of the energy equation
- Some other formulations of the energy equation
- Summary
- Influence of the Reynolds number on the flow
- Simplifications to the Navier-Stokes equations
- Creeping flows
- Frictionless flows
- Boundary layer flows
- The boundary layer equations
- The velocity boundary layer
- The thermal boundary layer
- The concentration boundary layer
- General comments on the solution of boundary layer equations
- Influence of turbulence on heat and mass transfer
- Turbulent flows near solid walls
- External forced flow
- Parallel flow along a flat plate
- Laminar boundary layer
- Turbulent flow
- The cylinder in crossflow
- Tube bundles in crossflow
- Some empirical equations for heat and mass transfer in
- external forced flow
- Internal forced flow
- Laminar flow in circular tubes
- Hydrodynamic, fully developed, laminar flow
- Thermal, fully developed, laminar flow
- Heat transfer coefficients in thermally fully developed,
- laminar flow
- The thermal entry flow with fully developed velocity
- profile
- Thermally and hydrodynamically developing flow
- Turbulent flow in circular tubes
- Packed beds
- Fluidised beds
- Some empirical equations for heat and mass transfer in flow through channels, packed and fluidised beds
- Free flow
- The momentum equation
- Heat transfer in laminar flow on a vertical wall
- Some empirical equations for heat transfer in free flow
- Mass transfer in free flow
- Overlapping of free and forced flow
- Compressible flows
- The temperature field in a compressible flow
- Calculation of heat transfer
- Exercises
- Convective heat and mass transfer Flows with phase change
- Heat transfer in condensation
- The different types of condensation
- Nusselt’s film condensation theory
- Deviations from Nusselt’s film condensation theory
- Influence of non-condensable gases
- Film condensation in a turbulent film
- Condensation of flowing vapours
- Dropwise condensation
- Condensation of vapour mixtures
- The temperature at the phase interface
- The material and energy balance for the vapour
- Calculating the size of a condenser
- Some empirical equations
- Heat transfer in boiling
- The different types of heat transfer
- The formation of vapour bubbles
- Bubble frequency and departure diameter
- Boiling in free flow The Nukijama curve
- Stability during boiling in free flow
- Calculation of heat transfer coefficients for boiling in free flow
- Some empirical equations for heat transfer during nucleate boiling in free flow
- Two-phase flow
- The different flow patterns
- Flow maps
- Some basic terms and definitions
- Pressure drop in two-phase flow
- The different heat transfer regions in two-phase flow
- Heat transfer in nucleate boiling and convective evaporation
- Critical boiling states
- Some empirical equations for heat transfer in two-phase flow
- Heat transfer in boiling mixtures
- Exercises
- Thermal radiation
- Fundamentals Physical quantities
- Thermal radiation
- Emission of radiation
- Emissive power
- Spectral intensity
- Hemispherical spectral emissive power and total intensity
- Diffuse radiators Lambert’s cosine law
- Irradiation
- Absorption of radiation
- Reflection of radiation
- Radiation in an enclosure Kirchhoff’s law
- Radiation from a black body
- Definition and realisation of a black body
- The spectral intensity and the spectral emissive power
- The emissive power and the emission of radiation in a wavelength interval
- Radiation properties of real bodies
- Emissivities
- The relationships between emissivity, absorptivity and reflectivity
- The grey Lambert radiator
- Conclusions from Kirchhoff’s law
- Calculation of absorptivities from emissivities
- The grey Lambert radiator
- Emissivities of real bodies
- Electrical insulators
- Electrical conductors (metals)
- Transparent bodies
- Solar radiation
- Extraterrestrial solar radiation
- The attenuation of solar radiation in the earth’s atmosphere
- Spectral transmissivity
- Molecular and aerosol scattering
- Absorption
- Direct solar radiation on the ground
- Diffuse solar radiation and global radiation
- Absorptivities for solar radiation
- Radiative exchange
- View factors
- Radiative exchange between black bodies
- Radiative exchange between grey Lambert radiators
- The balance equations according to the net-radiation method
- Radiative exchange between a radiation source, a radiation receiver and a reradiating wall
- Radiative exchange in a hollow enclosure with two zones
- The equation system for the radiative exchange between any number of zones
- Protective radiation shields
- Gas radiation
- Absorption coefficient and optical thickness
- Absorptivity and emissivity
- Results for the emissivity
- Emissivities and mean beam lengths of gas spaces
- Radiative exchange in a gas filled enclosure
- Black, isothermal boundary walls
- Grey isothermal boundary walls
- Calculation of the radiative exchange in complicated cases
- Exercises
- Appendix A: Supplements
- A Introduction to tensor notation
- A Relationship between mean and thermodynamic pressure
- A Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid of constant viscosity in cartesian coordinates
- A Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid of constant viscosity in cylindrical coordinates
- A Entropy balance for mixtures
- A Relationship between partial and specific enthalpy
- A Calculation of the constants an of a Graetz-Nusselt problem
